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Durov
Telegram also has social networking features, allowing users to post stories, create large public groups with up to 200,000 members, or share one-way updates to unlimited audiences in so-called channels.[11] Telegram was founded in 2013 by Nikolai and Pavel Durov.[12][13] Its servers are distributed worldwide with several data centers, while the headquarters is in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[14][15] Telegram is the most popular instant messaging application in parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.[16][17] It was the most downloaded app worldwide in January 2021,[18][19] with 1 billion downloads globally as of late August 2021. As of 2024, registration to Telegram requires either a phone number or one of a limited number of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) issued in December 2022.[20] As of July 2024, Telegram has more than 950 million monthly active users,[21] with India as the country with the most users.[22] Telegram was launched in 2013 by the brothers Nikolai and Pavel Durov. Previously, the pair founded the Russian social network VK, which they left in 2014, saying it had been taken over by the government.[23] Pavel sold his remaining stake in VK and left Russia after resisting government pressure.[24] Nikolai created the MTProto protocol that is the basis for the messenger, while Pavel provided financial support and infrastructure through his Digital Fortress fund.[25] Telegram Messenger states that its end goal is not to bring profit,[26][27] but it is not structured as a non-profit organization.[28] Telegram is registered as a company in the British Virgin Islands[9] and as an LLC in Dubai.[29][30] It does not disclose where it rents offices or which legal entities it uses to rent them, citing the need to "shelter the team from unnecessary influence" and protect users from governmental data requests.[31] After Pavel left Russia in 2014, he was said to be moving from country to country with a small group of computer programmers consisting of 15 core members.[24][32] While a former employee of VK said that Telegram had employees in Saint Petersburg,[33] Pavel said the Telegram team made Berlin, Germany, its headquarters in 2014,[34] but failed to obtain German residence permits for everyone on the team and moved to other jurisdictions in early 2015.[33] Since 2017, the company has been based in Dubai.[35] Its data centers are spread across a complex corporate structure of shell companies in various jurisdictions to avoid compliance with government subpoenas.[36][37] The company says this is done "to protect the data that is not covered by end-to-end encryption". Telegram's FAQ page says it does not process any requests related to illegal content in chats and group chats, and that "to this day, we have disclosed 0 bytes of user messages to third parties, including governments".[37] However, according to Pavel, Telegram has disclosed data for 203 legal requests from the Brazilian government from Q1 to Q3 of 2024, and a total of 6,992 legal requests from India, its largest market, during the same period.[38] Users can check how many legal requests from their country have been processed by Telegram using the official transparency bot.[38] The company was initially supported by founding CEO Pavel Durov's personal funds after the sale of his stake in VK. In January 2018, it launched a private placement and collected $1.7 billion from investors such as Kleiner Perkins, Sequoia Capital, and Benchmark.[207] After the shutdown of the TON project, the company needed to repay the investors the money that was not spent on its development during 2018 and the beginning of 2019, while the project was active.[208] On 15 March 2021, Telegram conducted a five-year public bonds placement worth $1 billion. The funding was required to cover the debts amounting to $625.7 million, including $433 million to investors who bought futures for Gram tokens in 2018 and included purchasers such as David Yakobashvili.[209] On 23 March, Telegram sold additional bonds worth $150 million to the Abu Dhabi Mubadala Investment Company and Abu Dhabi Catalyst Partners.[210] A day later, the Mubadala Investment Company stated that Russia's sovereign wealth fund participated in its deal undisclosed through the Russia-UAE joint investment platform to buy convertible bonds. A Telegram spokesperson stated: "RDIF is not in the list of investors we sold bonds to. We wouldn't be open to any transaction with this fund" and "[t]he funds that did invest, including Mubadala, confirmed to us that RDIF was not among their LPs [limited partners]."[211] According to the contract, the holders of the bonds will be provided with an option to convert them to shares at a 10% discount if the company conducts an open IPO.[212] Durov stated that the move aimed to "enable Telegram to continue growing globally while sticking to its values and remaining independent". According to press reports, prior to the bonds placement, Durov had rejected an investment offer for a 5–10% stake in the company as well as several undisclosed ones, valuing the company in a $30–40 billion range.[210] In March 2024, Telegram sold an additional $330 million in bonds. Durov said the bond sale "will further solidify our position as an independent platform that is able to challenge the 'Goliaths' of our industry".[213]
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