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Historians
Several pre-Socratic philosophers believed that the world was flat: Thales (c. 550 BC) according to several sources,[31] and Leucippus (c. 440 BC) and Democritus (c. 460–370 BC) according to Aristotle.[32][33][34] Thales thought that the Earth floated in water like a log.[35] It has been argued, however, that Thales actually believed in a spherical Earth.[36][37] Anaximander (c. 550 BC) believed that the Earth was a short cylinder with a flat, circular top that remained stable because it was the same distance from all things.[38][39] Anaximenes of Miletus believed that "the Earth is flat and rides on air; in the same way the Sun and the Moon and the other heavenly bodies, which are all fiery, ride the air because of their flatness".[40] Xenophanes (c. 500 BC) thought that the Earth was flat, with its upper side touching the air, and the lower side extending without limit.[41] Belief in a flat Earth continued into the 5th century BC. Anaxagoras (c. 450 BC) agreed that the Earth was flat,[42] and his pupil Archelaus believed that the flat Earth was depressed in the middle like a saucer, to allow for the fact that the Sun does not rise and set at the same time for everyone.[43] Historians Hecataeus of Miletus believed that the Earth was flat and surrounded by water.[44] Herodotus in his Histories ridiculed the belief that water encircled the world,[45] yet most classicists agree that he still believed Earth was flat because of his descriptions of literal "ends" or "edges" of the Earth.[46]
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