Rejecting the conservative label,[293] Musk has described himself as a political moderate, and his views have become more right-wing over time.[294] His views have been characterized a
s libertarian and far-right,[295][296] and after his involvement in European politics, they have received criticism from some world leaders.[297]Within the context of American politics, Musk supported Democratic candidates up until 2022, at which point he voted for a Republican for the first time.[235][241][237] He has stated support for universal basic income,[298] gun rights,[299] freedom of speech,[300] a tax on carbon emissions,[301] and H-1B visas.[302] Musk has expressed concern about issues such as artificial intelligence (AI)[303] and climate change,[304] and has been a critic of wealth tax,[305] short-selling,[306] government subsidies,[307] and Wikipedia.[308] An immigrant himself, Musk has been accused of being anti-immigration, and regularly blames immigration policies for illegal immigration.[309] He is also a pronatalist who believes population decline is the biggest threat to civilization,[310] and believes in the principles of Christianity.[311][312]