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Threats to sharks
A 4.3-metre (14 ft), 540-kilogram (1,200 lb) tiger shark caught in Kāne'ohe Bay, Oahu in 1966 Fishery In 2008, it was estimated that nearly 100 million sharks were being killed by people every year, due to commercial and recreational fishing.[128][129] In 2021, it was estimated that the population of oceanic sharks and rays had dropped by 71% over the previous half-century.[7] Shark finning yields are estimated at 1.44 million metric tons (1.59 million short tons) for 2000, and 1.41 million metric tons (1.55 million short tons) for 2010. Based on an analysis of average shark weights, this translates into a total annual mortality estimate of about 100 million sharks in 2000, and about 97 million sharks in 2010, with a total range of possible values between 63 and 273 million sharks per year.[130][131] Sharks are a common seafood in many places, including Japan and Australia. In southern Australia, shark is commonly used in fish and chips,[132] in which fillets are battered and deep-fried or crumbed and grilled. In fish and chip shops, shark is called flake. In India, small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in Tamil language, Telugu language) are sold in local markets. Since the flesh is not developed, cooking the flesh breaks it into powder, which is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). The soft bones can be easily chewed, they are considered a delicacy in coastal Tamil Nadu. Icelanders ferment Greenland sharks to produce a delicacy called hákarl.[133] During a four-year period from 1996 to 2000, an estimated 26 to 73 million sharks were killed and traded annually in commercial markets.[134] Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water. Shark finning involves removing the fin with a hot metal blade.[129] The resulting immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators.[135] Shark fin has become a major trade within black markets all over the world. Fins sell for about $300/lb in 2009.[136] Poachers illegally fin millions each year. Few governments enforce laws that protect them.[131] In 2010 Hawaii became the first U.S. state to prohibit the possession, sale, trade or distribution of shark fins.[137] From 1996 to 2000, an estimated 38 million sharks had been killed per year for harvesting shark fins.[134] It is estimated by TRAFFIC that over 14,000 tonnes of shark fins were exported into Singapore between 2005–2007 and 2012–2014.[138] Shark fin soup is a status symbol in Asian countries and is erroneously considered healthy and full of nutrients. Scientific research has revealed, however, that high concentrations of BMAA are present in shark fins.[139] Because BMAA is a neurotoxin, consumption of shark fin soup and cartilage pills, therefore, may pose a health risk.[140] BMAA is under study for its pathological role in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
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