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Rise as a superpower (1917–1945)
Main article: History of the United States (1917–1945) The 1945 Trinity nuclear test, part of the Manhattan Project and the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. The two world wars permanently ended a national policy of U.S. isolationism and left the United States as a superpower. The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers.[139] In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage.[140] During the 1920s and '30s, radio for mass communication and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide.[141] The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with the New Deal, a series of sweeping programs and public works projects combined with financial reforms and regulations. All were intended to protect against future economic depressions.[142][143] Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[144][145] The U.S. developed the first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.[146][147] The United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China.[148][149] The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence.[150] Cold War (1945–1991) Main articles: History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United States (1964–1980), and History of the United States (1980–1991) Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at the White House in 1987. After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to dominate world affairs.[151][152][153] The U.S. utilized the policy of containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, and prevailed in the Space Race, which culminated with the first crewed Moon landing in 1969.[154][155] Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth, urbanization, and population growth following World War II.[156] The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.[157] The Great Society plan of President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism.[158] The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality.[159][160] It also encouraged open defiance of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).[161] A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.[162] The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union, which marked the end of the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole
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