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Immigration
Foreign residents as a percentage of the regional population at the 2011 census In the 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy began to attract substantial flows of immigrants.[196] After the fall of the Berlin Wall, and enlargements of the EU, waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of East Europe. Another source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa, with arrivals soaring as a consequence of the Arab Spring. Growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably China[197] and the Philippines) and Latin America have been recorded. In 2010, the foreign-born population was from the following regions: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%), and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of the foreign population is geographically varied: in 2020, 61% of foreign citizens lived in the north, 24% in the centre, 11% in the south, and 4% on the islands.[198] In 2021, Italy had about 5.2 million foreign residents,[1][199] making up 9% of the population. The figures include more than half a million children born in Italy to foreign nationals, but exclude foreign nationals who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship;[200] in 2016, about 201,000 people became Italian citizens.[201] The official figures also exclude illegal immigrants, which was estimated to be 670,000 in 2008.[202] About one million Romanian citizens are registered as living in Italy, representing the largest migrant population. Languages Main articles: Languages of Italy, Italian language, Regional Italian, and Geographical distribution of Italian speakers  Map of the languages spoken in Italy Italy's official language is Italian.[203][204] There are an estimated 64 million native Italian speakers around the world,[205] and another 21 million use it as a second language.[206] Italian is often natively spoken as a regional dialect, not to be confused with Italy's regional and minority languages;[207] however, during the 20th century, the establishment of a national education system led to a decrease in regional dialects. Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, due to economic growth and the rise of mass media and television. Twelve "historical minority languages" are formally recognised: Albanian, Catalan, German, Greek, Slovene, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, Ladin, Occitan, and Sardinian.[203] Four of these enjoy co-official status in their respective regions: French in the Aosta Valley;[208] German in South Tyrol, and Ladin as well in some parts of the same province and in parts of the neighbouring Trentino;[209] and Slovene in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia, and Udine.[210] Other Ethnologue, ISO, and UNESCO languages are not recognised under Italian law. Like France, Italy has signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, but has not ratified it.[211] Due to recent immigration, Italy has sizeable populations whose native language is not Italian, nor a regional language. According to the Italian National Institute of Statistics, Romanian is the most common mother tongue among foreign residents: almost 800,000 people speak Romanian as their first language (22% of foreign residents aged 6 and over). Other prevalent mother tongues are Arabic (spoken by over 475,000; 13% of foreign residents), Albanian (380,000), and Spanish (255,000).[212]
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