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Biodiversity and conservation
The bald eagle, the national emblem of the United States since 1782 and officially declared the national bird in 2024[201] The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[202] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,[203] and around 91,000 insect species.[204] There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas, managed by the National Park Service and other agencies.[205] About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed,[206] primarily in the Western States.[207] Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.[208][209] Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy, air and water pollution, biodiversity, logging and deforestation,[210][211] and climate change.[212][213] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues.[214] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.[215] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.[216] In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.[217] Government and politics Main article: Politics of the United States  The U.S. Capitol Building, the seat of legislative government, is home to both chambers of the U.S. Congress: the Senate (in left wing of building) and the House of Representatives (right wing).  The White House, the residence and workplace of the U.S. president and the offices of the presidential staff  The Supreme Court Building, which houses the nation's highest court The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a separate federal capital district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions.[17][218] The U.S. is the world's oldest surviving federation,[219] and its presidential system of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their decolonization.[220] It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law".[221] The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document.[222] National government Main article: Federal government of the United States Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.[223] * The U.S. Congress, a bicameral legislature made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,[224] and has the power of impeachment.[225] The Senate has 100 members (2 from each state), elected for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, each elected for a two-year term; all representatives serve one congressional district of equivalent population. Congressional districts are drawn by each state legislature and are contiguous within the state.[226] The Congress also organizes a collection of committees, each of which handles a specific task or duty. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch.[227] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power.[228] * The U.S. president is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military, chief executive of the federal government, and has the ability to veto legislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However, presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds supermajority vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints the members of the Cabinet, subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal laws through their respective agencies.[229] The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and can issue pardons. Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "executive orders", subject to judicial review, in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential running mate. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the U.S. Electoral College. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by their state legislature.[230] In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. Each state is allocated two electors plus one additional elector for each congressional district, which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be reelected to the office only once, for one additional four-year term.
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